Macroeconomics Interview Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Macroeconomics Interview Assignment - Essay Example as a set of actions and conditions that were fundamental attributes of a financial crisis and ensuing recession, which become evident and visible in 2008. Some of the actions or factors that contributed to this crisis of rise and fall of housing costs are attributed of the securities held by the financial institutions. The ensuing years leading to the crisis, the United States had received large sums of money in terms of foreign loans from fast developing economies such as Asia and other oil manufacturing nations (Rao, and Sisodiya, 11). The huge inflow of foreign funds and low U.s rates of interest between 2002 and 2004 is attributed to the volatile milieu characterised by easy credit conditions. This environment is immensely attributed to the housing and credit bubbles. However, the immediate cause of the subprime crisis was the bursting of the US’s housing bubble. The bubble peaked between 2005 and 2006. The crisis was characterized by an increase in subprime mortgage negligence and foreclosure, and the consequent decrease of securities that were guaranteed by the said mortgages. The mortgages included the mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and the collateralized debt obligations (CDO). The securities offered attractive incentives and rates of return in the beginning; nonetheless, the abnormally low credit factor eventually resulted to substantial defaults (Rao, and Sisodiya, 27). Fundamentally, the crisis is connected to numerous factors; however, the primary ones include the inability of homeowners to submit the mortgage payments due to predatory lending and speculation factors. Other factors include high level of personal and corporate debts, poor monetary and housing policy, global imbalances and inapt government regulation, which aimed at expanding homeownership. It is imperative to note that, the MBS, CDO and credit default swap caused the disproportionate housing debt. For the case of the home sellers and business people, the increase and sharp fall of

Gender Segregation in the Workforce

Gender Segregation in the Workforce The occupational sex segregation in various countries It has commonly been assumed that, the gender inequality in occupations is reflected in many aspects, such as the pay gap, gender discrimination, education qualification, traditional patriarchy concept and welfare. The essay are mainly focus on the occupational sex segregation, it is likely that senior job position almost attribute to male, female often stay lower statues in career. For example, women are often excluded from tradesmen, as the spelling of the word implied, tradesmen seems like male-dominant. The segregation is quite obvious in occupations, (Barbalescu and Bidwell 2013) found that men prefer the job in construction, medicine, law, engineering while women are defined as cheap labor force and the substitute of men, their job are considered as unskilled, non-professional and less paid (England, 2005). In the UK, women were expected out of labor market in the past, in 1980, less than 1 percentage women are profession and male as breadwinner in family. By 2002, the percentage of women profession increased by 40. By 2011, there is about 30 percent increase in female earner and small grow in dual-earner which exceeds the percentage of traditional male breadwinner (Rubery and Rafferty, 2013) but women are still underrepresented in certain jobs. According to Cotter et al (2004), in US, men remain supervisory position in the past, but their status are decline gradually with the continued increase of womens participation in labor market even in male-dominate job, currently, a majority of women are emerged in the work such as teachers, nurse and clerk (Preston, 1993). The essay is based on the literature research to explore the reason of the gender segregation in occupations and how it result the undervaluation of womens work. Cases of male-dominant and famine-dominant job Cejka and Eagly (1999) suggested that the male-dominant job requires physical strength, because it is full of competition and under high pressure environment. The masculine character is described as aggressive, brave, courage, endurance and resolute, they are more likely to handle the hard work. For example, construction work are dangerous anytime, with the possibility of death, frequently hurt and getting ill (Health and Safety Executive, 2001,Jones et al., 2003) which always be linked to masculinity. In film and TV industry, women are less likely to hold the job, according to the study of Lang (2015), in 2014, the proportion of female is just 14à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ¦as film industry directors and only 20à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ writers, 8% cinematographers. Besides, there is no obvious increase of womens involvement in this period (Follows, Kreager and Gomes, 2016). Female are limited to direct the film, as a result, they are restricted to be employed or only employed for certain types of work. Furthermore, women have limited ability to gain experience and recourses thus remain lower status. Skillset (2007) described that, a majority of women are more likely to be employed in make-up, dress up, personal assistant and cleaning work. Although the proportion of the entrance to the film and IT industry is nearly half and half, segregation start after they come into the industry ( Follows, Kreager andGomes, 2016). Besides, the job nature are long working hours, women cannot meet physical standard, Gi ll and Pratt (2008) added that it is difficult to keep and balance friendship, family life and other relations. Another case are going to be demonstrated is nurse, people apply for nurses are almost female. Base on the data from the Kaiser Family Foundation, the ratio of female to male in nurses filed is differential, in Kentucky, female ratio is 12 while male is only 1, the biggest difference is in Iowa and south Carolina, the proportion is 15 female to 1 male, even the smallest gap is 6 to 1 in California. Female are dominant role in nurse, although there has seen some increase in mens participation but still underrepresented (Rappleye, 2015). Another example of male-dominant job is engineering and science, from Marder (2012) statistic, in 2008, 41 percent men of college student are going to choose the science and engineering as their major while women are only 30 percent. After graduation, men also exceed women in science and engineering field, women obtain only 20 percent degrees which also affect their working condition (Hill, Corbett Rose, 2010). According to the the report, women shows more interest in the field of biology, social and behavioral sciences than men, but lag in computer science field, as data reveals, women only account for 19 percent of software developers compared to mens leading role in computer science and physics (Marder, 2012). Jobs can be done by anyone regardless of gender There are some arguments that, women employed in male-dominant job when the labor is short, they are regarded as labor reserve and substitution. Most people insist that women are weakness that cannot bear the primitive work environment and hard job (Health and Safety Executive, 2001, 2003; Jones et al., 2003). A majority of female chooses male-type work gradually that break the traditional deep-rooted male privilege and inequity gender segregation (Paechter, 2007). According to Grusky and Charles (2004), in developed countries, the ratio of men and womens dominant work are nearly equal. NHS, start to open permission to anyone, finally, get more profits (Rubery and Rafferty, 2013). As figure shows, women has become an main labor force, in middlesborough, womens participation achieve 55 percent, in Liverpool, the number is 54.5, as for Glasgow and Manchester, the percentage is 51.5, even in Sheffield, it is 50.8 percent (Blackburn, Browne, Brooks, and Jarman, 2002). It is convictive that the gender difference is not the whole thing, women are lack of opportunities to challenge and transform the situation. With more and more tradeswomen emerging, it is proved that most of the construction work can be done by women and overturn the ideology that women cannot do such work, the traditional statu s of men as supervisor also face the threat, they are lacking power to drive women out of the labor market (Ness, 2012). Further focus on medicine to explore the jobs can be done by anyone. Based on the numbers, there is an increasing amount of women who are qualified as doctors from 1970, which was seen as mens work formerly, in 2007, most of women are working in medicine field and the number are 10 times greater than before (Crompton Lyonette, 2011), Now, women doctors even outweighs male doctors in the UK. Khan (2012) predicts that this trend will happen to general practice as well in the further. Male also increasingly access to female-dominated job which is reflected in nurse. Men are excluded from nurse field previously, now, university encourage men to choose nurse major. From the information collected, only about 3 percent registered nurse is male in 1970 while in 2011, the number increase to about 10 (US Census Bureau, 2013). According to the man who worked as a nurse now, when he is in school from 2008 to 2009, the percentage of male choose to study nurse is only six percent, until he graduates and works in hospital, there is an apparent increase of men work as registered nurses from 147000 of 2.9 million in 2000 to 168000. Wilson (2009) explain that, people believe nurse is the title of female, but after engagement, people recognize this is not a sexualization job. The undervaluation of womens work It is suggest that sex bias still exist, women are often defined as lower productivity, unskilled, cheap labor force and flexible substitution that are less likely for senior position, even at the time of labor force are not enough, employers are not willing to hire women, so they have limited choice on job and receive lower pay (Blackburn, Browne, Brooks, and Jarman, 2002). Base on the date from Office for Budget Responsibility (2010), women job losing rate are reaching to about 56 percent in 2011 compared to about 37 percent in 2009, by 2014-2015, more than 330000 women have no job, it is estimated that the percentage will continues. In addition, exclusionary make women be hostile when they enter male-dominant job, because male believe women will threat their supervisor status (Ness, 2012). As winter (2006) state, women are always excluded from infantry, not only because their physical drawback but also the loyalty matters (Woodward and Winter, 2006). According to a mining engineer Gina, man could do what they are supposed to do while women have to concern on what they are able to do (Herman, Lewis Humbert, 2013). So the next section is going to explore what factors cause this situation. Why OGS result in the undervaluation of womens work The motherhood and part-time status of women One of the most important reason reflecting the development of womens career is motherhood. Mother are not supposed to be an idea worker that they undertake main responsibility for family, they have to combine childbearing with the job, hence women shift their full time job to unskilled part-time job or remain unemployed. (Crompton, Lyonette, 2011) state that having children means great conflict with womens work but unchanged for men, for example, women are not suitable in some professional position, therefore they often delay to have children. When women becomes a mother, they invest less in their career and no interested in promotion thus find lower paid job, their finance are almost depend on their husband, consequently, they neglect the training and human capital, happy to stay in low status and earn less (Mincer and Polachek, 1974). In UK, the childcare system is not comprehensive that women care their child themselves, consequently, the job and working hours are restricted for women (Dale, 1987). From statistics, womens part-time work increase by 33 percent from 1971 to 1991, while women with no child are only 29 percent work as part-time (Blackwell, 2001). Specifically, most of women are family-centered, as a mother of 3 children clams, she will focus less on work and take care children primarily, because the baby will not wait to grow up. The factors of supply and demand 5.2.1 The supply side In terms of the supply side, culture and social factors shape different preference and interest in choosing job of men and women which result the segregation in occupation. Barbalescu and Bidwell (2013) summaries 3 factors influencing the choice, reward level, identification and expectations. While some argue that individuals preference is easy to be changed. It is no doubt that everyone prefer the most valuable job both intrinsic reward such as money and external reward including parent leave, flexible working hour. For the meaning of identification, people apply the job which is most compatible with them. According to research, when people start a new career, they are likely to keep consistent with their identification and the standard (Cross and Markus, 1994). To exam the gender preference, a survey from Barbalescu and Bidwell (2013) found a trend that men are more likely to apply for consulting, trading and finance-related job whereas management, care and service work are more common among women, including human resources, nursing, marketing, teachers, these are perceived as femininity which consist with womens identity. The survey also found the belief of employed in finance filed is quite small among women due to the consideration of their ability and identification. It is tested that the propensity of womens job are greatly influen ced by their motherhood identification. Besides, women often choose the job with most female. Refer to expectation theory, the successful outcome in job can be a great force to motive men and women making choice, applicants expect their effort are useful to guarantee the job position (Barbalescu and Bidwell, 2013). The brief and expectation of they can success in the work also reflect their decision, the theory are able to be explained in the example that women are believed limited in engineering or finance filed, thus they are less likely to apply and employed in masculine job because lack of self-identity (Tomlinson, Olsen and Purdam, 2009). In addition, if the organization has sex discrimination previously, they will refuse to enter the organization (Barbalescu and Bidwel, 2013). As explored above, the 3 factors are interconnected that the preference is the consequence of socialization and culture structure. It is likely that, women prefer job with work-life balance and expect regular time off, men are more likely to pursue reward and power than women while women show less desire on money. 5.2.2 The demand side The demand side will emphasis on employers important role that decide whom will be employed through their behavior (Glick, Zion, Nelson, 1988). It is likely that womens career opportunity is limited while men occupied in the most desirable job (Blackburn and Jarman, 1993). The reason why women are excluded and hard to be employed in some field is men and women are treated differently, from employers perspective, male are dominant and prerogative (Reskin, 2005) thus they prefer hire male especially in gendered work. It is believe that women should balance the work and life, so they often work part-time, as a result, employers offer more training to man to maximize their profit (England, 2005). Besides, labor surplus make employer regard women as cheap labor reserve and substitutes, it is because of the scanty of men in labor market when female are employed in male-dominant work (Reilly et al, 2006), According to statistics, women who have experience on industry and IT filed previously are more likely to be offered a male-dominant job. To test the reason affects the gender segregation in hiring progress and the perspective of employers discrimination and inequitable brief, first, arbitrary culture make employers hold the view that different job fit for the specific sex. For example, only female are regarded as good carer and resist men applying for such job. Women are also considering not competent in math due to their limited ability (England, 2005). Second is statistical discrimination, which means they regard a group as average to predict individual, the discrimination often against women entering high skill, profession work even men and women are hold same qualification (Cohen, Bianchi, 1999), consequently, women are long-term worried to apply for the job. The discrimination also reflects on the pay gap which is a reason for gender segregation. Markus (1977) point out that women are less paid and the pay level are conflict with their ability, the lower pay is also a result of excessive female job due to few wom en entre into male-dominant job (Bergmann 1974). Education, policy and partarchy Lack of equality legislation includes minimal wage standards and subsidy (Rubery and Rafferty, 2013). High level of legislation will offer men and women equal opportunities and help to balance their dual roles. As Dench et al (2002) described, after carry out the legislation about fair opportunity, female employment rate in UK raise from 48 to 57 percent. In addition, in France, policy on paid childcare support, parental leave are provided for women to manage their family and work (Faulkner, 2009) According to Jarman and Blackburn and (1993), in 1938, the education degree is 2 percent and only 0.5 fewer for women. It is likely that low education level will be discriminated and women hold high qualification and skills are benefit for their career, hence, the absence of education and training investment on women is another factor result in the distinct occupations on gender (Crompton Lyonette, 2011). It is important to notice that, inflected by traditional gender class and the theory of patriarchy, men dominant and controls the society and they are the meaning of power and leader, it is hard for women to have equal opportunity (Blackburn, Browne, Brooks, and Jarman, 2002). According to Cockburn (1991), women and men will be allocated to different job accordingly reduce the competition, thus prevent mens job being attacked by women. Besides, man are seen as active in labor market as breadwinner while women concern on domestic work which make womens work undervalued by such segregation (England, 2005). 6. The acceptable work for male and female and conclusion As the essay explored above, women seems more acceptable to work as nurse, school teacher, human resource manager, childcare worker, custom service staff and accountant (Elkins, 2015). The essay also collect the data that male are more likely to do the job in engineer, electricity, industry, army and also a majority of men work as computer software engineer and doctor. The essay then base on the example to prove that womens work are treated unequally, not only the pay gap but also the exclusion of senior position, in addition, women are often regarded as unskilled and cheap labor force because their weakness in physical strength (Health and Safety Executive, 2001, 2003; Jones et al., 2003). These inequities provide the evidence that sex discrimination is an issue should be noticed. Finally, the essay find out the reason behind the phenomenon, first, women as a role of mother should combine work and life which made them have limited time and energy enroll the job, thus, women often wo rk as part-time and some are even unemployed. Second, the shortage of education, training and equal policy for women made employers not willing to hire female, they are often regarded as labor reserve and have limited choice and opportunities. The traditional patriarchy also results in the undervalued work of women. Then the essay concentrates on the supply-demand side, both applications preference and employers discrimination impact the result. Elkins (2015) state that the disproportion should be concerned and the equally gender proportion in occupations would increase the productivity. For further study, the essay will look closely to find more details about the occupations in each filed and make the data more up to date.

Death of a Salesman and All My Sons as Optimistic Tragedies Essay examp

Death of a Salesman and All My Sons as Optimistic Tragedies   Ã‚  Ã‚   This essay deals with Arthur Miller, and his uniqueness as a tragic playwright. The research question that this paper attempted to answer was, why were Miller's plays different from many other tragedies. Two of Arthur Miller's tragedies were used in this essay, Death of a Salesman and All My Sons. The thesis of this essay is, Arthur Miller deviates from the standard perception of tragedy in his plays, Death of a Salesman and All My Sons because unlike other tragedies, they are optimistic in that the main character causes the tragedy for what they perceive to be the greater good. The body of this essay starts out with a discussion of tragedy, and the commonly viewed perception of it, one of pessimism. It goes into detail of several different definitions of tragedy, made by literary critics. The "tragic flaw" is discussed and proven to be a major part of a tragedy, especially Miller's. Death of a Salesman is used to prove this statement. The idea that Miller's plays are optimistic is discussed in great detail. Both plays are used to prove this concept, as well as essays written by literary critics with opinions on this topic. One of the major points in this essay is Miller's use of love. Love is a dominant emotion throughout the tragedies. The important thing about the love is that it is one of the main reasons that the characters do what they do to cause the tragedy. The conclusion of this essay enforces the idea that Arthur Miller's plays are unique from other tragedies. It reinstates the thesis and the reason that it is true. The conclusion also summarizes the most important points of the essay and ends the paper tying everything together. Introd... ... 7. Carson, Neil. "A View from the Bridge and the Expansion of Vision." Bloom, Harold, ed. Arthur Miller: Modern Critical Views. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. (1987) p 94. 8. Hayman, Ronald. Arthur Miller. New York: Frederick Ungar Publiching Co. (1956); p 43. 9. Miller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman. New York: The Viking Press (1958); p 133. 10. Hayman, Ronald. Arthur Miller. New York: Frederick Ungar Publiching Co. (1956); p 55. 11. Miller, Arthur. "Introduction to Collected Plays." Weales, Gerald, ed. Death of a Salesman: Text and Criticism. New York: Penguin Books (1996); p163. 12. Miller, Arthur. Six Great Modern Plays: All My Sons. New York: Dell Publishing Co. (1956); p 420. 13. Gross, Barry. "All My Sons and the Larger Context." Martine, James J., ed. Critical Essays on Arthur Miller. Boston: G. K. Hall & Co. (1979); p 12.

Effectiveness of Airasia’s Performance Measurement System Essay

We could see that this system used by AirAsia is successful as they have been doing really well and improving since year 2001 from first airline in the world to introduce mobile booking, to be a public listed company on the Malaysia Stocks Exchange (Bursa Malaysia), after having on 22 November 2004. In line with its growth and expansion plans, AirAsia has secured a 175 aircraft commitment with Airbus for its A320s. The 175 aircraft order will place AirAsia as the single largest customer for the aircraft in Asia-Pacific, and potentially one of the largest airline fleets in the region. On 23 of March 2006, AirAsia successfully moved its operations to the new Low Cost Carrier Terminal (LCCT). This is a major milestone as it is the first dedicated terminal for low cost carrier operations in the world. Besides that, they have achieved many more heights even in the past 2 year. AirAsia are focus on its performance measurement system and made sure that whatever they do are in line with the system and try as hard to meet its benchmark. For example, to ensure the safety of guest and employees, the â€Å"List of Checks for Airbus A320† is created. These safety procedures include strict aircraft maintenance, constant updating and training of technicians and flight crew. Once any problems occur during this checklist, immediate action will be taken, making sure it is safe and no problems will occur. Because if the safety are threaten, it will influence the investors, potential customers and rest of the stakeholders to loose confidence in AirAsia, making it hard for AirAsia to achieve their vision. With all this achievements, awards and significant milestones in just 6 years, it is obvious to see that the performance measurement system that AirAsia is using is effective and efficient. This system set a very good benchmark to all the key elements in helping AirAsia achieve its vision and goals. By following the system, AirAsia gives priority on areas like cost efficiency, branding, product development, growth, human capital, safety of guest and employee. The performance measurement system applied manage identify prominent areas that will affect its business and lead it towards its goal and vision.

Thermal Imaging

The case involved a Mr. Smith whos house was suspicious of growing marijuana. The police used thermal technology to scan Mr. smiths house where they found high amounts of heat. The police then got a search warrant and found marijuana growing in his house. Smith was then arrested and entered a conditional guilty plea. Now the high court had to make a decision that would challenge even the greatest lawyer and justice to ever step into the Supreme Court. The case started off with the lawyer for Smith making his case for Smith. The lawyer stated that that the thermal imaging on Smith's house was indeed a search and that this search was unecessary. His house and privacy were protected by the 4th amendment of the United States. The technology was not used properly and unconstitutionally viewed contents on the inside of Smith's home without a warrant. The thermal imaging devices should have not been able to view just his complex and if he was singled out then everyone should be subject to the same thermal imaging of their homes. In his final statements Smith's lawyer said that thermal imaging is infact a search and that the thermal imaging had no probably cause and he should go free for this violation of his 4th amendment. The next speaker was the lawyer representing the United States. The lawyer for the United States said that the thermal imaging device brought about a probable cause in the triplex and that he was previously suspected for having marijuana so they had to do it for public safety. He also pointed out that a warrant was issued for the search of his house. The United States lawyer ended his statement stating that Smith is a criminal and thermal imaging was used in the case of probable cause. The next speaker was the Solicitor General of the United States. The general was in favor of Smith. He stated that thermal imaging is a search. The thermal imager had no probable cause and that using this high tech device that no normal person can afford should be used without a warrant. The General finished with saying that Smith should go free for this because he was illegally searched. The fourth amendment of the constitution guards against unreasonable search and seizures when the search party has â€Å"reasonable expectation of privacy†. The amendment specifically requires search warrants be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause. It was adopted as a response to the abuse of search warrants in the American Revolution. The debate of the definition of search has been challenged in many cases in the history of the United States and is brought up again in this case. The Supreme Court ruled that a search occurs only when a person expects privacy in the thing search and society beliefves that expectation is reasonable. This was decided in Katz v. United States in 1967. In Katz the Court ruled that a search had occurred when the government wiretapped a telephone booth. Now seizure is the other part of the 4th amendment. A Seizure of propert occurs when there is meaningful interference by the government with an individual's possessory interests. The exclusionary rule also falls under seizure. The exclusionary rule states that voluntary answers to questions given to officers are offered into evidence in a ciminal prosecution. The government may not detain and individual even momentarily without reasonable, objective grounds, with few exceptions. The refusal to listen or answers does not answer these grounds. The invasion on people's privacy is only minimal and is usually only in speical cases. Some of these exceptions are at borders and ports of entry into the United States as well as Roadblocks. Another big part of this case was the question is a warrant needed. A warrant is issued by a judge and only then may a officer legally search someones property. Without this warrant it was unconstitutionally searched and therefore is void. Warrants are required for any search of property. Some exceptions to a warrant are Consent, Plain View, Open Fields, Curtilage, Motor Vehicles and Searches incident to a lawful arrest. Consent is if a part allows a search to happen. Plain view is if something is viewable by the officer he can confiscate it. Open Fields such as farm fields, opne water, and woods may be searched without a warrant. Curtilage is the outdoor area immediately surrounding the home, which is protected by the 4th amendment. Courts have determined that this area is an extension of the house and is subject to privacy. People in automobiles have reduced privacy because vehicles are not used as homes. Vehicles cannot be randomly stopped and searched , there must be probable cause or ciminal activity. With probable cause officers may search any area inside a car. However, they cannot search passenger without probable cause to search them. The Searches incident to a lawful arrest are used to prevent the arrested individual from destorying evidence or using a weapon against the officer. It is reasonalbe for the officer to search the area within the arrestee's immediate control. A search of lets say the room they were arrested in is acceptable. Now comes the issue of Probable Cause which was brought up many times in this case. The police must have legally sufficient reasons to believe that a search is necessary. And during this search they must uncover criminal activity or contraband. The Supreme Court had many cases involving Probable Cause. In Carrol V. United States the Supreme Court stated that probably cause to search is a â€Å"flexible, common-sense standard. † So the issue of probable cause can be a toss up and can't really be determined directly (Adapted from History Book and Wikipedia. com). If I were a justice on the Supreme Court I would rule in favor of Smith. The use of thermal imaging reveals the contents of the inside of his home. This violates his right of security and thus violates the 4th amendment. The officers did have probable cause to search his house because of his alleged marijuana growth. But that doesn't mean they could search his house without a warrant. They needed to get judicial consent before using the thermal imaging to search his house. Plus thermal imaging is not available to everyone so they could not use it without consent. Our class found Smith innocent. The police unlawfully searched his house with the use of thermal imaging. Even though we came to this verdict it could have easily gone the other way. It all is based on your view of the Constitution. Unless you are one of the people who wrote the Bill of Rights I guess we can never truly understand the constitution fully and it is proven with the countless cases brought to the Supreme Court over the years. I think instead of us trying to understand the constitution in our own ways, we should study the founding fathers into depth and learn the true meanings of their words and the reasons for why they created this great rules. Even with the addition of new technologies and advanced software we need to continue to look back at our roots which created this great nation. If we do not do this our nation will likely fall due to our own negligence and feeling of superiority over everyone in the world. We need to learn from our mistakes and build a more simpler life as they had back in the 1700s. Only then will we truly understand The Constitution and the reasons for why we have made it this far as a nation.

Buster

Buster Buster Buster By Maeve Maddox A reader has a question about the word buster: Is the word buster ebonics or not? Where does this word come from? And how is it formed? The reader does not specify which of the several uses of buster prompted the question, but in any case, the word was in the language well before any significant development of the English dialect known as ebonics. Note: For readers unfamiliar with the term ebonics, the word was coined in 1973 and defined in 1975 by its proponents as â€Å"the linguistic and paralinguistic features which on a concentric continuum represent the communicative competence of the West African, Caribbean, and United States slave descendants of African origin.† The term quickly proved to be unwieldy and politically charged. A more neutral name for the distinctive English dialect associated with US black culture is African American Vernacular English (AAVE). The first nineteen or so  Africans  to reach the English colonies arrived in Jamestown, Virginia in 1619, brought by Dutch traders who had seized them from a captured Spanish slave ship- just five years after the first documented use of buster in English. In the earliest citation in the OED (1614), buster is used to mean â€Å"a person who or thing which ‘busts’ a specified thing, or causes it to break or burst†: Now death, I pray thee what is it, but a buster of bonds; a destruction of toyle? (i.e., Death is seen as a â€Å"buster† of figurative chains, freeing people from bondage and toil.) This meaning of the word is evident in various terms. For example, a bronco-buster is a cowboy who prepares horses to be ridden by breaking their will to resist. Note: The Spanish adjective bronco means rough or rude. It was adopted into English as a noun to refer to an untamed or half-tamed horse. A gangbuster (1930) is an officer of a law-enforcement agency who is known for successfully, and often aggressively, fighting organized crime, breaking up gangs, and apprehending gangsters. Eliot Ness is a well-known gangbuster. By extension, gangbuster/s can mean something that is outstandingly successful; a winner, a hit. The word is used as both noun and adjective: Better than  last season, but not  gangbusters   I think this is going to be a  real gangbuster season. Another quarter, another three months where  gangbuster  growth remains AWOL.    My radio show is  going gangbuster.  I just picked up my third top-ten radio station in Chicago. The music business is  going gangbuster. Were celebrating all month  long  with a  gangbuster  sale. Another meaning of buster is â€Å"a person who or thing which is impressive or remarkable, especially in being more than typically large, loud, etc.† Presumably, the person or thing has â€Å"busted† a norm of some kind. The OED gives the example â€Å"What a buster of a lunch it turned out to be.† Buster is used as a form of address, sometimes with affection and sometimes with hostility. For example, a parent or babysitter might say to a child, â€Å"Time for bed, Buster.† On the other hand, someone being annoyed by a stranger might say, â€Å"Don’t come any closer, Buster, or I’ll call a cop.† The popularity of Buster as a nickname for little boys may owe something to the fame of the actor Buster Keaton (1895-1966). The son of vaudeville performers, Keaton was famous as a child actor long before his adult successes. According to legend, he acquired his nickname when he fell down a flight of stairs and Harry Houdini, who was present, quipped, â€Å"That was a real buster!† Keaton’s father immediately created â€Å"Buster Keaton† as his son’s stage name. The comic book character Buster Brown, created by cartoonist Richard F. Outcault in 1902,  was another cultural icon that popularized the name Buster. When a shoe manufacturer adopted the character as its logo in 1904, the name received a boost from national advertising. I suspect that plenty of Americans of a certain age can still sing the Buster Brown jingle. Buster is popular as a name for pets. Here are some reasons pet owners chose the name: We  named him Buster because  he had a busted nose.   My neighbor  named him Buster, cause he was a Buster to try and catch. You see my friends from the special ed place that my aunt works at  named him Buster because  he got into a lot of trouble and got caught.   I have  named him Buster because  he is somewhat bossy and pushy with my sisters steer.   I named him Buster because  he was tossed out of the car. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to use "on" and when to use "in"How to spell "in lieu of"The 7 Types of Possessive Case

Roman Emperor Theodosius the Great

Roman Emperor Theodosius the Great Under Emperor Valentinian I (r. 364-375), army officer Flavius Theodosius was stripped of command and exiled to Cauca, Spain, where he had been born in about 346. Despite such inauspicious beginnings, Theodosius, with his 8-year-old son installed  in name  as ruler of the Western Empire, became the last emperor to rule the  entire Roman Empire  in fact. Probably two to three years after Valentinian exiled Theodosius (and executed his father), Rome needed Theodosius again. The empire was a formidable power at this time. Thus it was against all odds that on August 9, 378 the Visigoths trounced the  Eastern Empire  and killed its emperor (Valens [r. A.D. 364-378]) at the momentous  Battle of Adrianople. Although it took a while for the after-effects to play out, this defeat is a major event to look at when tracing the  fall of the Roman Empire. With the eastern emperor dead, his nephew, the western Emperor Gratian, needed to reclaim command of  Constantinople  and the rest of the eastern part of the empire. To do so he sent in his best general- the formerly-exiled Flavius Theodosius. Dates: A.D. c. 346-395; (r. A.D. 379-395)Place of Birth: Cauca, in Hispania [see sec. Bd on Map]Parents: Theodosius the Elder and Thermantia Wives: Aelia Flavia Flaccilla;Galla Children: Arcadius (made Augustus on 19 January 383), Honorius (made Augustus on 23 January 393), and Pulcheria;Gratian and Galla Placidia(by adoption) Serena, his niece Claim to Fame: The last ruler of the entire Roman Empire; effectively put an end to pagan practices. Theodosius Hazardous Rise to Power Theodosius own father had been a senior military officer in the Western Empire. Emperor Valentinian had honored him by appointing him magister equitum praesentalis Master of the Horse in the Presence of the Emperor (Ammianus Marcellinus 28.3.9) in 368 and then executed him in early 375 for unclear reasons. Perhaps Theodosius father was executed for trying to intercede on behalf of his son. At about the time Emperor Valentinian executed his father, Theodosius went into retirement in Spain. It was only after Valentinians death (November 17, 375) that Theodosius regained his commission. Theodosius obtained the rank of the magister militum per Illyricum Master of the Soldiers for the Prefecture of Illyricum in 376, which he kept until January 379 when Emperor Gratian appointed him co-Augustus to replace Emperor Valens. Gratian may have been coerced into making the appointment. Barbarian Recruits The Goths and their allies were ravaging not only Thrace but also Macedonia and Dacia. It was the eastern emperor, Theodosius job to suppress them while the western emperor, Gratian attended to matters in Gaul. Although Emperor Gratian provided the Eastern Empire with some troops, Emperor Theodosius needed more because of the devastation that had been caused by the Battle at Adrianople. So he recruited troops from among the barbarians. In an only partially successful attempt to stave off barbarian defection, Emperor Theodosius made a trade: he sent some of his new, questionable recruits to Egypt to be exchanged for presumed-loyal Roman soldiers. In 382 Emperor Theodosius and the Goths reached an agreement: Emperor Theodosius permitted the Visigoths to retain some autonomy while living in Thrace, and many of the Goths enlisted in the imperial army, and especially the cavalry, which had proved to be one of the Roman weaknesses at Adrianople. The Emperors Their Domains From Julian to Theodosius Sons. (Simplified) NB: Valeo is the Latin verb to be strong. It was a popular base for mens names in the Roman Empire. Valentinian was the name of 2 Roman emperors during the lifetime of Theodosius, and Valens was that of a third. Julian Jovian (West) (East) Valentinian I / Gratian Valens Gratian / Valentinian II Theodosius Honorius Theodosius / Arcadius Maximus Emperor In January of 383, Emperor Theodosius named his young son Arcadius successor. Maximus, a general who had served with Theodosius father and may have been a blood relative, may have hoped to be named, instead. That year Maximus soldiers proclaimed him emperor. With these approving troops, Maximus entered Gaul to face Emperor Gratian. The latter was betrayed by his own troops and killed in Lyons by Maximus Gothic magister equitum. Maximus was preparing to advance on Rome when Emperor Gratians brother, Valentinian II, sent a force to meet him. Maximus agreed to accept Valentinian II as ruler of part of the Western Empire, in 384, but in 387 he advanced against him. This time Valentinian II fled to the East, to Emperor Theodosius. Theodosius took Valentinian II into protection. Then he led his army to fight against Maximus in Illyricum, at Emona, Siscia, and Poetovio [see map]. Despite many Gothic troops defecting to Maximus side, Maximus was captured and executed at Aquileia on August 28 , 388. (Valentinian II, Theodosius brother-in-law through his second marriage, was killed or committed suicide in May of 392.) One of the defecting Gothic leaders was Alaric, who fought for Emperor Theodosius in 394 against Eugenius, another pretender to the throne which he lost in the civil war battle on the river Frigidus in September and then against Emperor Theodosius son, but is best known for sacking Rome. Stilicho From the time of Emperor Jovian (377), there had been a Roman treaty with the Persians, but there were skirmishes along the borders. In 387, Emperor Theodosius magister peditum praesentalis, Richomer, put an end to these. Conflict over Armenia picked up again, until another of Emperor Theodosius officials, his magister militum per Orientem, Stilicho, arranged a settlement. Stilicho was to become a major figure in Roman history of the period. In an effort to tie Stilicho to his family and presumably strengthen the claim of Emperor Theodosius son Arcadius, Emperor Theodosius married his niece and adoptive daughter to Stilicho. Emperor Theodosius appointed Stilicho regent over his younger son Honorius and possibly (as Stilicho claimed), over Arcadius, as well. Theodosius on Religion Emperor Theodosius had been tolerant of most pagan practices, but then in 391 he sanctioned the destruction of the Serapeum at Alexandria, enacted laws against pagan practices, and put an end to the Olympic games.  He is also credited with putting an end to the power of the Arian and Manichean heresies in Constantinople while establishing Catholicism as the state religion. Sources DIR - TheodosiusNotitia DignitatumMagnus Maximus (383-388 A.D.) Theodosius(www.suc.org/exhibitions/byz_coins/present/Theodosius_I.html 06/26/01) Theodosius IAmmianus, Theodosius and Sallusts JugurthaThe Roman Magistri in the Civil and Military Service of the Empire, by A. E. R. Boak.  Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. 26, (1915), pp. 73-164.

The most luxurious places for students to live

The most luxurious places for students to live Luxurious houses for students Many American universities do their best to attract the future students and make their student life unforgettable. The days of living in the cramped quarters are long gone, so now college housing has something different to offer. Students of the following universities can compare their living with a luxury vacation. They have everything for living in style while getting their degree. Let`s find out what makes the living experiences of students so unique. Osprey Fountains at The University of North Florida – Jacksonville, Florida Osprey Fountains at The University of North Florida is a new housing complex for students opened in 2009. Here you will find a convenience store, fitness center, library for studying, and video game room. But the best amenities are outside. You can take a rest in the outdoor pool or just spend some time in the volleyball, basketball or tennis courts. Osprey Fountains is the perfect place for students to come and relax after difficult classes. Price Range: $1,130 – $5,000 per semester The Metropolitan at the Fashion Institute of Design and Merchandising – Los Angeles, California The Metropolitan is the closest housing complex to the Fashion Institute of Design and Merchandising which offers students the amenities of a 5 star hotel. This luxurious â€Å"dorm† is situated in the very heart of Los Angeles and is surrounded by nightlife and shopping. A heated pool, courtyard, community lounge, private theatre, sundeck and covered spa, design and drawing rooms – everything at your disposal. Each apartment has a kitchen with GE appliances, living space, a vanity, a private balcony, and large windows. Price Range: About $1,000 per month Sontag and Pomona Halls at Pomona College – Claremont, California Sontag and Pomona Halls are super eco-friendly housing complexes for students on Pomona College campus.   They are equipped with air conditioning, electrical cut-off switches, daylight sensors and low water use fixtures. You can also find the roof top garden patio which consists of solar panels that helps heat the water. Price Range: $4,275 per Semester The Lawn at the University of Virginia – Charlottesville,   VA It is an honor for a student to live on the Lawn at the University of Virginia. This place has a rich history and the long-standing traditions. You have to get used to that fact that the door of your room should be open. Only exemplary students who strive to become scholars and leaders can have the opportunity to live in such luxurious apartments. Price Range: $6,020 – $6,170 per year North Quadrangle Residential and Academic Complex at the University of Michigan – Ann Arbor, If you are a freshman – don`t even expect to get a room here as this housing complex is extremely coveted. North Quadrangle Residential and Academic Complex offers you the private and spacious rooms for luxurious student living. Learning communities, work areas, media facilities, bike routes, a TV studio, equipped conference rooms, and lounges on every floor are among the additional facilities. Price Range:  $5,978 – $8,204 per semester Mark Shenkman Hall (formerly Ivory Tower) at George Washington University – Washington, D.C. Mark Shenkman Hall gives you the opportunity to enjoy the opulence of living in Washington while studying. This building is conveniently located and has everything that students may need. Its apartments have full service kitchens, private baths, air conditioning, wireless internet, high speed internet, and elevators. Price Range: $13,760 – $14,670 per year Founders Hall at New York University – New York City, New York This building is the newest residence hall of New York University. It has 26 stories that gives students the opportunity to have the room with the amazing view on the city. Here you will find the spacious rooms with adjoining bathrooms, private libraries, open area communal rooms, and the courtyard. Due to the perfect location near the Union Square Subway, students can easily get to their classes and the rest of the city. Price Range: $6,792 per semester University Village Suites at Kennesaw State University – Kennesaw, Georgia Only freshmen can live in the University Village Suites. Each apartment has a shared bathroom, a mini kitchen, and a built in bar with stools. You will never find yourself starving as the in house Peace Cafà © and Hoot Restaurant always have something delicious to offer. An art gallery, a computer lab, community kitchens, study rooms, lounge areas, and laundry rooms are among the community amenities. Price Range: $585 – $660 per month The Units at the University of California, Berkeley – Berkeley, California The Units at UC Berkeley are the housing complex for undergraduate students. The apartments are equipped in the typical dorm style – beds, desks, and dressers. It is the view that makes this place really luxurious. Students can make use of a central fitness facility, a laundry facility, and a diner. Price Range: $6,363 – $8,512 Hub at Tuscon at The University of Arizona, Tuscon – Arizona The Hub at Tuscon is a luxurious place for students of The University of Arizona. Its building amenities are really spectacular – fully equipped rooms and kitchens, fitness, spa, gaming, executive meeting rooms, grilling gazebo, sand volleyball court, and hammocks. The rooftop pool is its main attraction. Price Range: $1,490 – $5,405 – per unit, per month

Outline (for public space) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Outline (for public space) - Assignment Example Properly lit pathways and proper security system can reduce the problem of sexual harassment which is the core of all problems for women outdoors. According to a survey conducted by the United Nations in New Delhi, after every 29 minutes a rape case is reported ( UN, 2010). Hypothesis: If these unattended security issues persist in the public space for Indian women, how does Indian government expect the better half of its nation to behave after this ignorance in an appropriate manner? Are the fundamental rights been given to both genders in the state? If yes, why does the survey show that half of the population is threatened by the pathways, especially in the evening? The amendments need to be taken for this ignorance, as it encourages the outlaws to take advantage and feel comfortable to do what they desire with the public around. The awareness of civic rights by the Unifem department seems like a potential step towards betterment in New Delhi (Unifem). According to The New York Times (Asia Pacific), 489 rape cases were reported and countless unreported cases of street harassment (Ninaljana, 2011). Thesis statement: Unavailability of basic facilities like lights, buses, security guards and maintenance of pathways is the arising problem which can later lead to major dilemmas for the country to deal with. It mainly consisted of the public survey conducted by Women and Child development department, as these problems can only be defined well by people who face them on daily basis. The women in New Delhi, both working and students, participated in the surveys which lead to a better understanding of the problem. Global Safe Cities Free of Violence for Women and Girls â€Å"SNAPSHOT† of the CITIES. (chap. New Delhi) Retrieved 1. 25, 2012, from

THE INFORMATION ECONOMY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

THE INFORMATION ECONOMY - Essay Example Further the globalization of the resources and effective use of ICT has allowed large organizations to build competitive advantages so that they can better compete into international market. India is one of the important emerging markets in the world which is showing fast improvements on most of the economic grounds. However, this rise of India on the world economic scene has been mostly due to its strong Information Technology skills development. India has been able to expand its IT and IT enabled services because of the strong government support as India government, historically, has invested into the educating young Indians within the domain of Information Technology. Mobile Phones have changed the economic activity because it has proved one of the rapid and cheapest sources of communicating for the Indians to conduct economic activities. Mobile Phones have been able to prove themselves more useful than computers because they provide quicker means of communicating. Mobiles Phones provide a quicker method of communicating between counter parties in trade. However this advancement in India has been made possible because of government of India’s efforts to invest and focus on IT education. Music industry is one of the largest industries in the world as Music is almost heard by every civilized human being living in the modern world. This industry has evolved over the period of time as starting from crude and old methods of recording music to the new and more modern methods such as media players and internet music channels. The emergence of high bandwidth communication technologies, emergence of internet companies, and online selling of digital music have allowed global music industry to evolve greatly as the it has not only allowed it to get exposure to maximum consumers but also it has become cheaper. The emergence of

Critical analysis essay on is othello a good man

Critical analysis on is othello a good man - Essay Example Othello is not an evil man, but that does not mean that he is perfect either. He is just a noble man in the unfortunate position of being sandwiched between good and evil. The good angel in this case is Desdemona and the evil angel is no one else but Iago. His inability to see through Iago’s treacherous schemes only makes him vulnerable to making the wrong choices, which he does. For a man who had early in the play confessed to so much live for his wife, he could have exercised better caution when dealing with the false accusations that were being leveled against her (39). It is not hard to see who the evil one is in this play, and it is definitely not Othello. He himself knows that he is not a bad person. He lays the blame on some evil entity that took over his good nature. Othello’s good nature is what makes him fall for all the lies that Iago feeds him. It seems that he trusts Iago more than he trusts his wife. This is the biggest mistake that Othello makes, and he ends up killing his wife. He realizes what he has done too late and he takes his own life. I think that what Othello does in a moment of blinded rage and misplaced pride should not be used to judge whether he is evil or good. When one considers what Othello has achieved in whole lifetime, it is easy to deduce that he truly is a good man. In fact, his good nature made him to be so remorseful about killing his wife, and that is why he decided to end his life as well. It is quite unfortunate that he had to go this far.

Strategic Management Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategic Management - Research Paper Example The human resource management plays a major role during mergers and acquisitions in conducting the following functional responsibilities. Recruitment and retention Change in an organization is normally accompanied by uncertainty. During this period, outside forces which includes recruiters and competitors can take advantage and take the best employees when the company needs them most. The human resources management will help the company come up with and implement recruitment and retention strategy. This will help in identifying and retaining employees with skills which are crucial to the company. Retention strategy will help the changing company to retain intellectual capital, fostered client relationships, and business focus, which enables the company to operate in an effective manner. When companies merge or restructure, some employees may have to be laid off. According to Page (2006), layoffs should be properly handled to prevent negative impact to the employees who remain. This i s because remaining employees may feel insecure, angry, lonely or less productive when right procedures are not followed. For example, if meritocracy is not included in the layoff process, best performing employees will feel insecure because they can be retrenched anytime no matter their contribution. Human resource department develops and implements specific actions, appropriate timing, and responsibilities on how to keep best employees. Training and development The human resource management ensures that all the employees in the organization are equipped with the appropriate training and development. This enables organizations’ employees to develop confidence; the required skills and behavior which will assist them adjust to their new roles. Through this, all the employees will have proper tools to conduct the required changes in the organization as well as deliver and maintain all the changes successfully. When conducting training and development, all those in various manag erial levels should be equipped with proper leadership skills. Through this, they will be able to properly manage and motivate the teams assigned to them. In addition, they will be able to provide proper communication and guidance to their subordinates during the mergers and acquisitions. With proper training, the organization’s managers will be in a position to help their subordinates to understand they are part of the brand new company and culture. Employee performance management According to Watkins and Leigh (2009), performance management is appropriate for an organization which is large enough as to necessitate an effective means of evaluating its own employees. The human resource management after the mergers and acquisitions in an organization uses employee performance management system to support the overall organizational integration of employee evaluation. Through this, the management will also be able to improve on the level and quality of employee communication and overall productivity. The uniqueness of performance management is that it focuses on an organization specific needs and is flexible to change. The human resource management and performance management experts try to find out evaluation needs of various employees and they come up with specific scalable processes. These processes are coordinated with employee’s effort in order to measure performance accurately and ensure motivation is created. All this is

Shakespere Enlgish Lit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Shakespere Enlgish Lit - Essay Example The Winter’s Tale is defined as comedy, but the first three acts of the play are created through psychological drama, thus creating a problem with reconciling the play to the comedy genre. Much like Romeo and Juliet, which starts out with classic tells of the comedy, but ends like a tragedy, The Winter’s Tale is the reverse, seeming much like a drama or tragedy, but resolving with classic comedy aspects. Bloom and Gleed (2010) call the play a tragicomedy, thus the play is defined by both of these aspects of theater (p. ix). There are a great variety of familiar themes within The Winter’s Tale. Gender identity, mistaken identity, and the patriarchal society lend to the dramatic aspects of the first three acts, the final two acts resolved through twists upon those themes. The play is based upon the novel Pandesto, which is sometimes referred to as Dorastus and Fawnia written by Robert Greene. The earliest edition of the play exists from 1588, with fourteen editions between that time and the general time in which the play was written. Hudson, in his commentary from 1880 suggests that the writer was rather wordy and filled his worked with an overabundance of Greek standards in his writing. He says that â€Å"For it seems as if he could not write at all without overloading his pages with classical allusion, nor hit upon any thought so trite and commonplace, but that he must run it through a series of aphoristic sentences twisted out of Roman or Greek lore† (p. 132). Beginning in January 2009, actors from the UK and from the USA combined talents under the direction of Sam Mendes in order to create productions of The Winter’s Tale and The Cherry Orchard. This transatlantic project is intended to last for three years and stars Simon Russell Beale, Sinead Cusack, and Rebecca Hall from the UK, with Richard Easton, Josh Hamilton, and Ethan Hawke from the USA (BAM 2009).

Ethics and Professional Code of Conduct Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics and Professional Code of Conduct - Essay Example Integrity ensures that such persons respect the citizens’ constitutional rights, liberty and adhere to the values of justice and fairness in their duties to the citizens (Gaines & Kappeler, 2011, p 345). In this case, the professional is capable of ensuring fairness in his or her duties and refraining from unjust use of authority. Secondly, ethics and integrity ensures that police chief exercises reasonable courtesy while interacting with the public. In this case, the police chief or county sheriff is able to refrain from mocking, embarrassing, ridiculing or humiliating subordinates or fellow officers in order to incite them to violence. Thirdly, ethics and integrity will enable such professionals to observe confidentiality of information that is available to them in their capacity as senior law enforcement officers (Gaines & Kappeler , p 343). The officers should not willfully violate any legal restrictions that restrict the dissemination of the private information and should not disclose information that may endanger the life of a complaint or victim to a crime. There is a clear difference between ethics, morality and law as pertains to the duties of law enforcement officers. Ethics are external standards that are set by the law enforcement profession and are regarded as the social system or framework that should offer the acceptable behavior in the execution of duties of the law enforcement officer (Hess & Orthmann, 2011, p189). Morality refers to the law enforcement officer’s own principles regarding what is right or wrong. Morality is internal as it reflects the habits, beliefs, culture, and religion of an individual while ethics are external since they are set by the profession. Morality is guided by the existing cultural norms while the ethics are guided by the legal and professional guidelines. Dutelle (2011) asserts that the morals are

Shakespere Enlgish Lit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Shakespere Enlgish Lit - Essay Example The Winter’s Tale is defined as comedy, but the first three acts of the play are created through psychological drama, thus creating a problem with reconciling the play to the comedy genre. Much like Romeo and Juliet, which starts out with classic tells of the comedy, but ends like a tragedy, The Winter’s Tale is the reverse, seeming much like a drama or tragedy, but resolving with classic comedy aspects. Bloom and Gleed (2010) call the play a tragicomedy, thus the play is defined by both of these aspects of theater (p. ix). There are a great variety of familiar themes within The Winter’s Tale. Gender identity, mistaken identity, and the patriarchal society lend to the dramatic aspects of the first three acts, the final two acts resolved through twists upon those themes. The play is based upon the novel Pandesto, which is sometimes referred to as Dorastus and Fawnia written by Robert Greene. The earliest edition of the play exists from 1588, with fourteen editions between that time and the general time in which the play was written. Hudson, in his commentary from 1880 suggests that the writer was rather wordy and filled his worked with an overabundance of Greek standards in his writing. He says that â€Å"For it seems as if he could not write at all without overloading his pages with classical allusion, nor hit upon any thought so trite and commonplace, but that he must run it through a series of aphoristic sentences twisted out of Roman or Greek lore† (p. 132). Beginning in January 2009, actors from the UK and from the USA combined talents under the direction of Sam Mendes in order to create productions of The Winter’s Tale and The Cherry Orchard. This transatlantic project is intended to last for three years and stars Simon Russell Beale, Sinead Cusack, and Rebecca Hall from the UK, with Richard Easton, Josh Hamilton, and Ethan Hawke from the USA (BAM 2009).

Deforestation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Deforestation - Research Paper Example â€Å"The average facade temperature of the globe has augmented more than 1 degree Fahrenheit since 1900 and the speed of warming has been almost three folds the century long average since 1970† (Global warming). Eilperin (2009) mentioned that the earth’s surface temperature has been increased around 0.750 C during the last century itself and the atmospheric temperature may even go up by 6 degrees before the end of the current century (Eilperin). Global warming and climate changes are some of the worst problems facing by the human community at present. Atmospheric temperature is rising rapidly for the last few decades and as a result of that unexpected weather calamities are occurring. Many studies have proved that the average atmospheric temperature has increased more than 1 degree Fahrenheit since 1900. Sea level rise is another major problem created by global warming. It should be noted that atmospheric temperature rise increases the melting of huge ice blocks from P olar Regions and as a result of that sea level is increasing gradually. Unexpected floods, storms, earthquakes, tsunami, etc are other problems associated with global warming. Plenty of reasons were cited for global warming problems. Some people believe that manmade activities are causing global warming whereas others are of the view that solar activities are causing these problems. In any case, one thing is sure- atmospheric temperature is rising much rapidly at present. Greenhouse gas emissions from automobiles and industrial units are often cited as the major reason for global warming; however, many people believe that deforestation is the major reason for global warming and climate change problems.... But when forests are logged or burnt, that carbon is released into the atmosphere, increasing the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases and accelerating the rate of climate change. So much carbon is released that they contribute up to one-fifth of global man-made emissions, more than the world's entire transport sector (Deforestation and climate change). Human consumes oxygen from atmosphere for breathing purpose whereas plants or forests consume carbon dioxide from atmosphere for making food or photosynthesis process. It should be noted that plants are the only food manufacturers in this world and all the other living things rely heavily on plants in one way or another for their food needs. On the other hand, atmospheric carbon dioxide is essential for the food manufacturing processes of the plants. Plants have the ability of liberating oxygen to atmosphere at the time of food manufacturing. In other words, plants consume carbon dioxide and liberate oxygen to atmospher e. Forests are our own natural resources which no man can imitate. It has its own part in the biodiversity of life even if man refuses to acknowledge them. One of the most important roles our forests play is absorbing carbon dioxide from the air—tons of it, for that matter. Without them, the ever harmful carbon dioxide will just float above our heads, further increasing greenhouse gas emissions (How Deforestation Affects Climate Change). There is a balance between the volume of carbon dioxide and the volume of oxygen in the atmosphere. Plants are responsible for maintaining this oxygen-carbon dioxide ration in atmosphere. It should not be forgotten that carbon and its oxides like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide etc have the ability to increase

Theory and the Principles of the Colorimeter

Theory and the Principles of the Colorimeter COLORIMETER Introduction Color of food is not a physical characteristic of food but it is an important quality attribute for foods. This is because color affects the acceptability and perception of consumer for the food and even preference and perception of flavor (Lewis, MJ. 1996). The color is determined by the selective absorption of different amounts of the wavelengths within the visible region. Changes of color can occur during food storage, maturation (ripeness), processing and others. Colorimetry is the scientific color measurement which used to express color in numerical terms and to measure the color differences between the specimens. The specimens can be paints, textiles, plastics, food and other products that may reflect or transmit color. Colorimeter is an instrument for psychophysical analysis by measuring the amount of light passing through a liquid. This instrument provides measurements that correlate with human eye-brain perception. Besides, the colorimeter is basically like a spectrophotometer but less complex as the spectrophotometer allows selection of any wavelength of light. Colorimeter measures the color through three wide-band filters which corresponding to the spectral sensitivity curves. A light source creates a beam of light that shines through a sample. The colorimeter then measures the amount of light transmitted or absorbed electronically and provides colorimetric data as tri-stimulus values (XYZ, L, a, b). The design of the Tristimulus colorimetry is about duplicate the response of the human eyes. A light source, three glass filters with transmittance spectra that duplicate the X, Y and Z curves and a photocell are required. This helps to get the reading of XYZ represents the color of the sample. Drawback of XYZ system is not visually uniform, that means one unit of color measurement in one area of the solid was visually different from the same unit in another area. Normally, the values of tristimulus are used to determine the direction and amount of any color difference if a color match is accurate. The colorimeter provided in this lab is Color Flex colorimeter from the Hunter Lab. Color Flex is a self-contained color measurement spectrophotometer which had been introduced in this lab. It can be used in production or in the laboratory for inspecting raw materials and evaluating the final product. Apart from this, the Color Flex is ideal for measuring powders, granules, pastes, liquids and opaque as it has its port-up or port-forward measurement orientations. The Color Flex require glass sample cup to hold the sample for measure and has a hole to insert the glass sample cup according to its size. Specialized versions of the Color Flex are available for the citrus industry and the tomato industry. These systems include specializes calibration standards and measurement scales appropriate for the industry. Based on nonlinearly compressed CIE XYZ color space coordinates, a Lab color space is a color-opponent space with the dimension L which for the lightness and the a and b are for the color-opponent dimensions (Hunter, Richard Sewall, 1948). This L, a, b values used in the system are calculated from tristimulus value (X, Y, Z) as the backbone of all mathematical color models. The first system which uses the opponent-color theory is the hunter Lab system (1958). This system states that the red, green and blue cone responses are remixed into opponent coders as they move up the optic nerve to the brain. Figure 4.0 Tristimulus colorimetr OBJECTIVES To measure the absorbance of particular wavelengths of light by a specific solution. To determine the concentration of a known solute in a given solution by the application of the Beer-Lambert law which state that the concentration of a solute is proportional to the absorbance. To understand the theory and the principles of the colorimeter. To understand the standard operation procedure to operate the colorimeter correctly. THEORY AND PRINCIPLE Color has various degrees of lightness and different values. Opponent-Colors Theory has been developed since the XYZ values are not easily to get understand in term of object. This theory is easier for the scientist perceive color, simplify understanding, improve communication of color differences and can be more linear thought out color space. Based on the basic of the opponent-color theory, the Hunter L, a, b color space is a three dimensional rectangular, where L (lightness) varies from 0 (black) to 100 (white), a which represent red-green axis with positive (redness) and negative (greenness) values, and b which represent yellow-blue axis with positive (yellowness) and negative (blueness) values. The values of 0 for the a* and b* always represent neutral. Once the L, a, b position of a standard color is determined, a rectangular tolerance box can be drawn around the standard. Today, there are two popular L, a, b color scales which are Hunter L, a, b and CIE L*, a*, b*. A color still has different numerical values between these two color scales even though these two are similar in the organization. In fact, the Hunter and CIE L*, a*, b* scales are both mathematically derived from the XYZ values. Neither scale is visually uniform, Hunter L, a, b is over expanded in the blue region of color space whereas CIE L*, a* and b* is over expanded in the yellow region. STANDARD OPERATION PROCEDURE ColorFlex Colorimeter The ColorFlex is placed on a flat and stable surface where near an electrical outlet. The system is turned on by pressing the Red (lightning bolt) key and is allowed to warm up for at least two hours before use. Before measuring sample, the instrument must be calibrated. Steps to standardize the colorimeter are carried out as below: The Down Arrow key is pressed until the menu is reached and then the Standardize is selected by pressing the Read key. As instructed, the sample pot should be covered with the black glass first. The black glass is covered at the sample port with the shiny side toward the port and the arrow on the glass should be pointed towards the scientist. The â€Å"thunderstorm† button is pressed. The sample pot then is covered with the white tile. Same with the black tile, the sample port is covered with the shiny side toward the port and the arrow on the glass should be pointed towards the scientist. The â€Å"thunderstorm† button is pressed and the values are showed on the periphery of the tile. A message which indicates the instrument is ready to read will be displayed when the standardization of the instrument is completed. The value of L*, a* and b* should be 50.87, -25.11 and 14.98 respectively. The sample cup must be cleaned before put the sample into it. Make sure that the sample must be at least fully covered the bottom surface of the cup. After closed the cover, the cup is put onto the sensor to measure the sample and take the reading. The L, a, b value will be show on the screen after the â€Å"thunderstorm† button is pressed and wait for a moment. The readings are recorded. Steps 5-7 are repeated for different samples. DATA Table 4.0 Standard Tristimulus Values . Table 4.1 Tristimulus Values of one-third volume of the Samples. Table 4.2 Tristimulus Values of two-third volume of the Samples. DISCUSSION From the demonstration, there are three samples which are green beans, red beans and dried red pumpkin seeds are used to measure by using the colorimeter. These three samples are also measure with different volumes. The L, a, b values are recorded. For the green bean, the small amount of the green bean sample shows the value of a* as 0.57 while the green bean sample with a higher volume get the value of a* as 0.46. This difference between the reading can be explained as the green bean with higher volume gives more greenness with it’s a* value is nearer to the negative values (low positive values). Moreover, the red bean with the low volume show the reading of the a* as 14.23 whereas the red bean with the higher volume show the reading of a* as 14.61. From this result, we can said that the red bean with higher volume are more redness than that of with the lower volume because it’s a* reading is more positive which indicate more redness. Same situation obtained from the dried red pumpkin seed. The high volume of red dried pumpkin seed has higher reading of a* as 27.11 compare than low volume of dried red pumpkin seed with reading of a* as 27.08. Next, green bean has showed that it is lightness with the value of L* as 37.13. It is more brightness than the red bean and also dried red pumpkin seed with the reading of L* as 22.89 and 26.46 respectively. In the demonstration, the value of a* of the green bean is 0.57 which means that are green in color in that sample. Besides, the b* values as 23.71 has showed that the green bean samples consists of more yellow color but less blue if compared to the standard value as it’s b* value is positive value and higher than that of the standard values. In the demonstration of red bean, it show that it consists of lowest lightness with the value L* as 22.89 if compared to others two samples. Thus, we can conclude that the red bean is the darkest among the samples. The a* value of red bean is 14.23 which means that there are red color in the sample and is more red than the standard which has the negative value of a* as -25.11. Moreover, the red bean has b* values as 8.16 and this showed that it consists of more yellow color but less blue color in it. Last, the dried red pumpkin seed has the L* value as 26.46 which is lower than that of green bean but higher than that of red bean. Among these three samples, the dried red pumpkin seed has the highest values of a* as 27.11. It showed that it consists of more red color than other samples. For the b* value, it’s b* value is about 13.82 which means that the dried red pumpkin seed also consist of more yellow color but less blue. Compare the results obtained, we can notice that the dried red pumpkin seed has higher values of L* and a* which showed it is more lightness and also more redness than the red bean. PRE-CAUTION STEP Make sure that the setting of the colorimeter is set as default setup before conduct the experiment to obtain accuracy data. The standard plates must be cleaned and make sure that it is free from dust and fingerprint. After done the calibration, put the black glass and the white tile back to the box to avoid scratching. The volume, size and weight of the sample must be standardized (constant). The amount of the samples must at least cover fully the bottom surface of the sample cup. The sample must be covered with the non-transparent black-coloured cover (light trap) when the readings are being taken. This helps to avoid the light sensitive colorimeter from the disturbance of other light sources. References Lewis, M. J. 2006. Physical Properties of Foods and Food Processing System. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Limited. Murano, P. S. 2003. Understanding Food Science and Technology. USA: Wadsworth/ Thomson Learning. Pankaj B. Pathare, Colour Measurement and Analysis in Fresh and Processed Foods: A Review. 2012. http://works.bepress.com/pankaj_pathare/3/.

The Draft Essay -- essays research papers

The Draft There is pending legislation in the House and Senate (twin bills: S 89 and HR 163) which will time the program's initiation so the draft can begin at early as Spring 2005 — just after the 2004 presidential election. The administration is quietly trying to get these bills passed now, while the public's attention is on the elections, so our action on this is needed immediately. $28 million has been added to the 2004 Selective Service System (SSS) budget to prepare for a military draft that could start as early as June 15, 2005. Selective Service must report to Bush on March 31, 2005 that the system, which has lain dormant for decades, is ready for activation. Please see website: www.sss.gov/perfplan_fy2004.html to view the sss annual performance plan — fiscal year 2004. The pentagon has quietly begun a public campaign to fill all 10,350 draft board positions and 11,070 appeals board slots nationwide.. Though this is an unpopular election year topic, military experts and influential members of congress are suggesting that if Rumsfeld's prediction of a "long, hard slog" in Iraq and Afghanistan [and a permanent state of war on "terrorism"] proves accurate, the U.S. may have no choice but to draft. Congress brought twin bills, S. 89 and HR 163 forward this year, entitled the Universal National Service Act of 2003, "to provide for the common defense by requiring that all young persons [age 18-26] in the United States, including women, perform a period of military service or a period of civilian service in furtherance of the national defense and homeland security, and for other purposes." These active bills currently sit in the committee on armed services. Dodging the draft will be more difficult than those from the Vietnam era. College and Canada will not be options. In December 2001, Canada and the U.S. signed a "smart border declaration," which could be used to keep would-be draft dodgers in. Signed by Canada's minister of foreign affairs, John Manley, and U.S. Homeland Security director, Tom Ridge, the declaration involves a 30-point plan which implements, among other things, a "pre-clearance agreement" of people entering and departing each country. Reforms aimed at making the draft more equitable along gender and class lines also eliminates higher education as a shelter. Underclassmen would... ...rs rather small at this point, and President Bush has stated that there will be no resumption of the draft during his presidency. Still, conditions and attitudes can change very quickly — another event of the magnitude of the September 11 attacks could prompt some rapid shifts in government policy and public opinion. Last updated: 6 October 2004 The URL for this page is http://www.snopes.com/politics/military/draft.asp Urban Legends Reference Pages  © 1995-2005 by Barbara and David P. Mikkelson This material may not be reproduced without permission. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sources: Gross, Karen. "Feel the Draft." Philadelphia City Paper. 20 September 2001. Hulse Carl. "Bill to Restore the Draft Is Defeated in the House." The New York Times. 6 October 2004. Kelly, Jack. "Rumor Aside, Draft's Return Most Unlikely." Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 24 May 2004. Lindorff, Dave. "Oiling up the Draft Machine?" Salon.com. 3 November 2003. Associated Press. "Selective Service Notice Creates Flurry of Press Reports Suggesting Return of Draft." USA Today. 10 November 2003.

The Life and Work of Galileo Essay -- Essays Papers

The Life and Work of Galileo Galileo Galilei is considered to be one of the greatest mathematicians of all time. He made life changing discoveries and mystified many with his knowledge. However, not all of his work was accepted well. Galileo challenged the church creating a controversy that will never be forgotten. Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa, Italy February 18, 1564. He was the son of Vincenzo Galilei, a member of a Nobel family, a musician and a mathematician. Galileo, at an early age, developed a great love for mathematics and mechanics. However, his parents urged him to seek medical professions which promised more fortune. Galileo’s love for mathematics turned him away from his parents wishes only to follow his natural talents. Before reaching the age of twenty, Galileo made a great observation of mechanics. He observed a swinging lamp in the cathedral of Pisa which led to his theory of the pendulum and fifty years later led to the construction of an astronomical clock. In 1588, he was given the title of the Archimedes of his time. He also received a position of lecture-ship at the University of Pisa. With this position, he began his research on free-fall and eventually proved that all objects in a vacuum would fall at the same rate of speed. This observation was contradictory to the previous beliefs that the rate of fall of an object was proportional to the object’s mass. The Aristoteleans refuted his findings, however, and remained faithful to their master’s discoveries. By the influence of his friends, he received a position as the chair of mathematics at the University of Pisa. He remained there for eighteen years before returning to the original home of his family in Florence. There he was appointed math... ...mple, in the Bible it says that God created the earth. Science merely attempts to decipher how it was done. Today, the truth about Galileo’s studies has received proper recognition, and it is understood that science is a reflection of reason, and reason a reflection of science. Footnotes 1. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Online. Internet. 25 Sept 1999. 2. see Catholic Encyclopedia 3. Modern History Sourcebook: The Crime of Galileo: Indictment and Abjuration of 1633. Online. Internet. 25 Sept. 1999. 4. see Catholic Encyclopedia Bibliography - Spangenburg, Ray and Diane K. Moser. The History of Science from the Ancient Greeks to the Scientific Revolution. New York, New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1993 - Spangburg, Ray and Diane K. Moser. The History of Science in the Eighteenth Century. New York, New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1993 The Life and Work of Galileo Essay -- Essays Papers The Life and Work of Galileo Galileo Galilei is considered to be one of the greatest mathematicians of all time. He made life changing discoveries and mystified many with his knowledge. However, not all of his work was accepted well. Galileo challenged the church creating a controversy that will never be forgotten. Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa, Italy February 18, 1564. He was the son of Vincenzo Galilei, a member of a Nobel family, a musician and a mathematician. Galileo, at an early age, developed a great love for mathematics and mechanics. However, his parents urged him to seek medical professions which promised more fortune. Galileo’s love for mathematics turned him away from his parents wishes only to follow his natural talents. Before reaching the age of twenty, Galileo made a great observation of mechanics. He observed a swinging lamp in the cathedral of Pisa which led to his theory of the pendulum and fifty years later led to the construction of an astronomical clock. In 1588, he was given the title of the Archimedes of his time. He also received a position of lecture-ship at the University of Pisa. With this position, he began his research on free-fall and eventually proved that all objects in a vacuum would fall at the same rate of speed. This observation was contradictory to the previous beliefs that the rate of fall of an object was proportional to the object’s mass. The Aristoteleans refuted his findings, however, and remained faithful to their master’s discoveries. By the influence of his friends, he received a position as the chair of mathematics at the University of Pisa. He remained there for eighteen years before returning to the original home of his family in Florence. There he was appointed math... ...mple, in the Bible it says that God created the earth. Science merely attempts to decipher how it was done. Today, the truth about Galileo’s studies has received proper recognition, and it is understood that science is a reflection of reason, and reason a reflection of science. Footnotes 1. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Online. Internet. 25 Sept 1999. 2. see Catholic Encyclopedia 3. Modern History Sourcebook: The Crime of Galileo: Indictment and Abjuration of 1633. Online. Internet. 25 Sept. 1999. 4. see Catholic Encyclopedia Bibliography - Spangenburg, Ray and Diane K. Moser. The History of Science from the Ancient Greeks to the Scientific Revolution. New York, New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1993 - Spangburg, Ray and Diane K. Moser. The History of Science in the Eighteenth Century. New York, New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1993

Analysis of two brands of commercial Bleaches Essay

Analysis of Two Brands of Commercial Bleaches Objective To determine the concentration of sodium chlorate(I) (NaClO) in two commercial bleaches and compare the two bleaches on both concentration and price. Procedures 1. 10. 0 cm3 of the bleach â€Å"KAO† was pipetted into a clean 250 cm3 volumetric flask. It was made up to the mark using deionized water. 2. 25. 0 cm3 of the diluted solution was pipetted into a conical flask. 3. 10 cm3 of 1 M potassium iodide solution and 10 cm3 of dilute sulphuric acid was added into the conical flask also. 4. The mixture in the conical flask was titrated against the 0. 0992 M sodium thiosulphate solution. 5. Three drops of freshly prepared starch indicator are added into the conical flask when the reaction mixture turned pale yellow . 6. The mixture was titrated to the end-point. 7. At the end point, the solution turned from dark blue to colourless. 8. Steps (1) to (7) were repeated with another bleach â€Å"LION† Results Concentration of standard sodium thiosulphate solution : 0. 0992M Brand 1 Trade Name : KAO Bleach Price : $7. 33per dm3 ($11/1500mL). Trial 1 2 Final burette reading / cm311. 90 23. 40 35. 00 Initial burette reading / cm3 0. 20 11. 90 23. 40 Volume of Na2S2O3 / cm3 11. 70 11. 50 11. 60 Brand 2 Trade Name : LION Price : $6. 67per dm3 ($10/1500mL) Trial 1 2 Final burette reading / cm3 14. 60 28. 70 42. 80 Initial burette reading / cm3 0. 50 14. 60 28. 70 Volume of Na2S2O3 / cm3 14. 10 14. 10 14. 10 Questions 1. For each brand, calculate (a) the amount of the active ingredient available in g dm-3. (b) the cost per gram of this compound. (c) 1a) For KAO Bleach, Averge volume of sodium thiosulphate solution used=(11. 5+11. 6)/2=11. 55cm3?no. of mole of S2O32-=(11. 55/1000)(0. 0992) =0. 00114576mol. ?no. of mole of I2 =(no. of mole of S2O32- )/2 =0. 00057288mol ?no. of mole of OCl- in10 cm3 solution = no. of mole of I2 x10 =0. 00057288Ãâ€"10 =0. 0057288mol ? Mass of OCl- contained in 10 cm3 solution=0. 0057288x(16+35. 45) =0. 29474676g ?Concentration of OCl- (active ingredient available) =0. 29474676/(10/1000)=29. 47gdm-3 For LION Bleach, Averge volume of sodium thiosulphate solution used=(14. 1+14. 1)/2=14. 10cm3 ?no. of mole of S2O32-=(14. 10/1000)(0. 0992) =0. 00139872mol. ?no. of mole of I2 =(no.of mole of S2O32- )/2 =0. 00069936mol ?no. of mole of OCl- in10 cm3 solution = no. of mole of I2 x10 =0. 00069936Ãâ€"10 =0. 0069936mol ? Mass of OCl- contained in 10 cm3 solution=0. 0069936x(16+35. 45) =0. 35982072g ?Concentration of OCl- (active ingredient available) =0. 35982072/(10/1000)=35. 98gdm-3 1b)For KAO Bleach, Cost per one gram of OCl- = 11 /[29. 474676x(1500/1000)] =$0. 277/g For LION Bleach, Cost per one gram of OCl- = 10 /[35. 982072x(1500/1000)] =$0. 185/g 2. Based on the calculated results, decide which of the two brands of bleach is a better buy. When compring the costs per one gram of OCl- of KAO(0. 277/g) and LION($0. 185/g), as we can pay a lower price ($0. 185)to buy the same weight of active ingredient (OCl- ) in LION bleach, LION bleach is a better buy. 3. Explain why potassium iodide and sulphuric acid must be in excess. ClO-(aq) + 2I-(aq) + 2H+(aq) i I2(aq) + H2O(l) + Cl-(aq) From the equation above, iodide ions and hydrogen ions react with Hypochlorite ions to form iodine ,water and chloride ions. To determine the actual number of mole of ClO- ,all ClO- ions sholud react to give iodine. KI (I-) and H2SO4 (H+) must be in excess to ensure all ClO- has been converted into Cl- ions. Then the number of mole of I2 produced is calculated by titrating against sodium thiosulphate and hence the number of mole of ClO- ions can be calculated by ratio: No. of moles of ClO- = No. of moles of I2 In other words, excess potassium iodide and sulphuric acid are used for ensuring all ClO- ions are reacted react to give iodine. Moreover,dilute sulphuric acid is added to increase the rate of reaction. If KI and H2SO4 are not in excess, some of the ClO- ions are not converted into Cl- . Consequently the calculated number of mole of ClO- ions present would be smaller than the actual one since the number of mole of ClO- ions which are not converted into Cl- are not taken into account. 4. Bleaching solution may deteriorate for two main reasons. One is the attack by carbon dioxide in air according to the equation: 2ClO-(aq) + CO2(aq) i CO32-(aq) + Cl2(aq) What is the other possible reason? Under normal condition,Hypochlorite ions decompose to give oxygen and chloride ions. Ionic equation: ClO-(aq) i O2(g) + 2Cl-(aq) Chemical equation: NaClO(aq) i O2(g) + 2NaCl(aq). The rate of the reaction above can been increased at high temperature or under sunlight. When sodium hypochlorite is heated or evaporated, sodium chlorate and sodium chloride will be formed. Chemical equation: 3 NaOCl(aq) i NaClO3 (aq)+ 2 NaCl(aq) 5. The starch indicator should not be added too early. Why? Starch is often used in chemistry as an indicator for redox titrations where iodine is present as starch forms a very dark blue-black complex with iodine. Moreover,the indicator is not affected by the presence of iodide (I-). In order for the the starch solution to change colour, both starch and iodide must be present. Starch forms an unstable complex which is blue coloured in low concentrations of iodine. However, this complex is in high concentrations of iodine . If starch solution is added too early, the conical flask still contains high concentration of iodine. As a result, highly stable complex is formed,the starch indicator then cannot be decolourised and the complex will spoil the reaction medium. Consequently, the titration cannot continue. Therefore the iodine must be diluted first with the titrant ,sodium thiosulphate to ensure no higly stable complex is formed. After that the starch can be added.

Mary Oliver Rhetorical Analysis Essay

The jellyfish, a dangerously stunning underwater creature, can adequately symbolize the phenomenon that is nature. Nobody denies the â€Å"medusa† of its attractive features, such as, its dazzling pink color, elegant frame, and most important, its transparent body that displays running electricity. However, touch it underwater and experience the wrath of its devious abilities. Its colorful stingers have the power to inject an electrical toxin into their prey. It can kill. Furthermore, Mary Oliver, the writer of â€Å"Owls†, successfully delineates the two-faced personality nature is affiliated with. In this rich excerpt, Oliver makes it a priority to point out that nature can be both miraculous and corrupt at the same time. Like the jellyfish, nature can bring â€Å"immobilizing happiness†, but it can also be complex, and bring forth â€Å"death.† From the get-go, Oliver uses Vonnegut-like imagery to create a distinct contrast between the â€Å"terrifying† and the fascinating parts of nature. For instance, when Oliver describes the great horned owl and the fields full of roses. According to Oliver, the great horned owl has a â€Å"hooked beak† that makes â€Å"heavy, crisp, and breathy snapping† sounds, and a set of â€Å"razor-tipped toes† that â€Å"rasp the limb.† Not only that, but this mystical creature is characterized as â€Å"merciless†, and as a dark creature that would â€Å" eat the whole world† if it could. The fields full of roses, on the other hand, are used to symbolize happiness. They are described as sweet, lovely, and â€Å"red and pink and white tents of softness and nectar.† Through Oliver’s creative use of descriptive imagery, she begins to explain the incomprehensible mysteries of nature. In the same fashion, Oliver uses vivid and flamboyant   diction to emphasize nature’s intricate ways. To describe the darkness of nature, Oliver uses words such as, â€Å"hopelessness†, â€Å"headless bodies†, and â€Å"immutable force†. On the contrary, for the awing parts of nature, Oliver’s passage includes words like, â€Å"exquisite†, â€Å"luminous wanderer†, and â€Å"sheer rollicking glory†. As a result, her impressive style presents a clear image of how Oliver is â€Å"standing at the edge of mystery, and ultimately, â€Å"conquered.† Finally, Oliver uses her intimate appreciation for nature to relate to the audience and drive her claim home. First, Oliver uses an anaphora to talk about the field full of roses. Oliver begins eight consecutive phrases with the word â€Å"I.† Thus, implying the impact nature has on her as an individual, and alarming the reader of the love she has towards this prodigy. Oliver then acknowledges that â€Å"the world where the owl is endlessly hungry and endlessly on the hunt is the world in which† she lives too. Correspondingly, she mentions that nature’s curiosities involve the audience of this excerpt, as well as everyone else on planet earth. Indeed, in this lyrical excerpt, Mary Oliver uses her impressive style to describe how nature can be convoluted, charming, and over-powering. One can’t help to acknowledge the creative way Oliver uses the English language to successfully contrast the positive and negative parts of the environment. In addition, Oliver strives to make her nuanced writing and allegory for the complexity of nature. When looking at the big picture, it is easy to see how Oliver’s writing may exhibit to all how one might share whatever it is they feel passionately about.

The Great Train Robbery and The Phantom Carriage: Editing Comparison

Drawing on the evidence provided by a sequence notation, show how editing functions narratively and expressively in one sequence from either Broken Blossoms (1919) or The Phantom Carriage (1921) and comment on the ways in which this differs from The Great Train Robbery (1903). The Great Train Robbery and The Phantom Carriage are both considered as one of the key creative movies ever made in history. The Phantom Carriage was very well known for showcasing it’s advanced narrative construction with flashbacks within flashbacks. The Phantom Carriage would have had technological advantages over The Great Train Robbery since it was made eighteen years after. Hence, both their editing methods are substantially different. Having made a notation on one of the sequences from The Phantom Carriage, the narrative functions of the editing styles between the two will be discussed while the differences are highlighted. To start with, both the movies consisted of interesting cinematographic elements that allowed the editors to the cut the movie in the most creative way. For a first narration film, The Great Train Robbery managed to introduce many interesting editing techniques. There were multiple location changes, camera movements and the introduction to the style of cross cutting was also impressive. The Phantom Carriage also consisted of many interesting techniques such as the use of various shots from different angles, camera movement and the display of a title card to express the narrative. The sequence chosen from The Phantom Carriage is the beginning to part three, which starts off with a black fade to colour transition. This transition automatically communicates a time change within the narrative. We are then shown an establishing outdoor shot, of a man dressed in a suit, walking out of a tall door that is closed by another man who seemed to look like a guard. This shot re-establishes the location as the outside of a jail due to its features such as tall doors, the presence of a guard, brick walls and then a tall building with corridor openings behind the brick wall, which is revealed after the camera pans slightly to the left as the man walks towards the camera. The man then looks to the left and exits the frame where the next cut is ade. As the cut is made before the man completely exits the frame, as audience, we expect it to be a match cut; instead it is a jump cut that cuts into the man running into one of the houses in the street. Although this marks a transition in time and space, it makes the audience curious on where the narrative had gone from when he left the jail, to when he got to the h ouse. However compared to The Great Train Robbery, the narrative in The Phantom Carriage is still stronger as although there was a jump cut, the audiences were able to see the man leave the jail and enter the house. The element of continuity in action expressed the narrative better. The scene in The Great Train Robbery, where the operator runs to the nearby dancehall to inform the others of the incident, the audiences are not shown the operators journey to the dance hall at all; instead the operator looks as if he is getting up to inform the others and then a jump cut is made to the ballroom where the people are dancing. We can then see another man enter the room; at first we would think that it is the operator but it is somebody else. Due to the lack of continuity, it could confuse the audience on what the narrative is. As the operator later joins the crowd and informs the crowd of the incident, with the help of their exaggerated reaction to the situation, the narrative is made clearer. ‘In both narrative and non-narrative films, editing is a crucial strategy for ordering space and time. Two or more images can be linked to imply spatial and temporal relations to the viewer’. The Phantom Carriage consisted of a variety of shots from different angles that denoted the narrative over to the audience. In contrast, The Great Train Robbery did not show any one sequence from various angles. Most scenes were shown from one angle and the set looked theatrical, almost like a black box theatre where the camera is the fourth wall. However, the narrative in The Great Train Robbery was very quick and easy to understand as each cut meant a scene change. A lot more happened between cuts in The Great Train robbery than in The Phantom Carriage. Therefore if somebody missed a cut from The Great Train Robbery, compared to The Phantom Carriage, it would have been more difficult for the person to understand what had occurred. The variety of shots in The Phantom Carriage meant that, even if somebody missed couple of shots, they would still be able to understand the plot. Also, having a variety of shots, allowed the audience to feel more connected to the movie, as they were able to analyse the situation from different angles. ‘ In the classic narrative system, editing is governed by the requirements of verisimilitude, hence the characteristics in any one film sequence of establish ing shot, closer shots that direct the gaze of the spectator to elements of action to be read as significant, followed by further long shots to re-establish spatial relations. ’ The element of continuity is significant in making the movie appear as real as possible. A variety of shots were used to give the continuity effect in The Phantom Carriage. In the second shot from the sequence, it is established that the man is walking on the street and is about to walk into a house. We then see a mid shot of the man going up the stairs followed by a close up of the object he is looking at. We are then taken back to a mid shot of him looking down. The movements between the shots are cut and matched perfectly, meeting the requirements of verisimilitude. The Great Train Robbery also had interesting moving background that set the scene without having to explain where the location was. For example, the way the background moved, while the thieves were robbing, made the narrative clearer by explaining the robbery that was happening in the train. This explained the title of the movie while expressing the narrative across. However, there were continuity issues, such as the differences between the speeds of the background movement between scenes. For example, after the robbing scene, the scene cuts to a robber climbing the engine of the train. This is an outdoor scene and the movement of the train in the background suggested that the robbery happened while the train was moving. Compared to the previous shot, the speed in which the train moved has noticeably decreased, making the background movements in between the scenes look like a jump cut. Continuing on with the sequence, the next cut is made when the audience first sees an empty stairway, where the sequence has an added vignette effect to he frame. We then see the man quickly running up the stairs in the continuing movement from the previous frame. The vignette effect made it seem like someone was observing the man’s actions through a keyhole or peep hole from another room. We are then shown the man’s attempt in trying to get into the room using various eye-line matches between him and the doormat. The vignette effect still makes it seem like it was from a p erson’s point of view, as the effect disappears as soon the camera position changes in the next cut. The next cut is a reverse angle shot that follows the 180-degree rule of the man walking into the room with the continuing movement from the previous shot. Perfect continuity plays a crucial part here as from the moment he got up from the stairs to where he got in to the room; all the cuts were perfectly matched with his movements. In contrast, there were no eye line matches or point of view shots in The Great Train Robbery. Most of The Great Train Robbery’s frames seemed like a theatrical stage where the actors entered in from either sides and left through those sides. When the next cut is made, the vignette effect disappears denoting that the other vignette shots were definitely from someone’s point of view. We then see the character walk into the room through a door. The camera is placed facing the door towards the left of the frame making sure that both the doors are in the frame. As the character walks in, the camera pans to the right to include the door on the right in the frame. At this point, we are able to see all the three doors in the frame. This moment is a key moment as this shows the importance in including the all doors in the frame. Having a door on the frame always brings in an idea of suspense, in finding out on the ways in which the objects behind the door is going to influence the narrative of the story. We then see the character run into the room, as expected the next cut is made where the physical action of the character running into the room is completed. This smooth match cut looked almost perfect since there were no absence of continuity in the movement expressed by the character. This helped strengthen the way the narrative was expressed, as we were able to understand that the character couldn’t find what he desired. The next match cut was also equally effective as the cut made matched his action. There is an interesting mirror element to the way this short sequence from when the character came into the room, until when he walked out of the room was shot and cut. As he walks into the room, the camera pans slightly to the right as he enters the room on his left. This match cut of him going in and out of the room is perfect due to it’s element of continuity. The cut matches the shot to its initial camera position that was used when the character walked into the room initially. Similar to the way the camera panned to the right as he walked into the room on his left, the camera pans slightly to the left, back to its original position as he walked out of the room. He then knocks on the opposite neighbour’s door; as soon as he knocks a lady opens the door immediately. It is interesting how quick she opened the door, as this confirms the discussion on the vignette effect denoting the shot as a point of view. The camera was probably positioned by the door, and low angled shots such as the one looking down at the doormat and back up at the man shows that the camera is representing someone’s eyes. The restriction of view due the shot being a close-up with the added the vignette effect makes it almost look like someone was peeking through either a keyhole or a peephole. The use of point of view angle would connect the audience to the movie in a deeper level, as they are able to view the actor from another actor’s perspective. In terms of mise-en-scenes used; the setting, the actors’ performance and costumes were a lot more exaggerated and unnatural in The Great Train Robbery compared to The Phantom Carriage. Due to this reason, The Great Train Robbery lacked the sense of realism in comparison. Due to the variety of cuts, it is easier for The Phantom Carriage to express emotions and denote the narrative through subtle acting, natural setting and simple costumes as the audiences are able to see more and close into the actors. With The Great Train Robbery, if the elements were not exaggerated, the moments may go unnoticed leading to the narrative being conveyed as unclear to the audience. Although both the movies have significant differences in terms of the way it was shot and cut, The Great Train Robbery can be considered as an impressive work due to its ability in showing a difficult narrative in such a short time. Although its narrative was mainly expressed using its establishing shot, we were still able to understand the narrative without the help of title cards that was used in The Phantom Carriage as the main tool in expressing its narrative.